Democracy, the rule of law, ethics and science mm behind the phenomenon in human cloning

 Democracy, the rule of law, ethics and science mm in the Dolly influence to promote a global convention against human cloning; bureaucrats, theologians, humanities scholars, ethicists, and even some scientists have also stated its opposition to human cloning research, there is not something for a such a broad united front formed, create such a wealth of rumors, issued such a powerful offensive, is unprecedented in world history. If it can stop and think about amid the chaos: What is human cloning? we can find, from the perspective of genetics view, human cloning is identical twins of different ages, or that the twins are natural clones, human cloning is , how would suddenly become Some people want to legislate against a scientific attempt to create a bad precedent, we can not but arouse our vigilance, to give full attention, analysis of the pros and cons of them.
use religion to interfere in science, Bruno burned to combat Colombian white Nepal, Galileo, Darwin, despite its history, but still relevant. Galileo has already recognized the Pope a mistake, but still people in the United States stands for equal footing. with political (ideological) intervention science, modern history has left a shameful page, Lysenko against Mendel - Morgan theory, bad luck or the Soviet people (China, because at the time of the Soviet Union but also by their blind obedience harm). indifferent religious consciousness since ancient times in China in recent years, the phenomenon of scientific intervention in the mainstream ideology no longer occur, but in the din against human cloning, a new form of religious ideology emerging trend of science intervention. In this Trends among the religious background was carefully covered up (although sometimes can not help but reveal ; Ethics. If science depends on scientists, scientific theories and always has its social and political background, then science is not the same machine as a self-correcting knowledge discovery, scientific self-correction depends on the scientist's conscience. and because scientists can not exceed in the community over the political and commercial activities, so the scientists can not eliminate the temptation of fame and fortune. When scientists a strong temptation for the fame and fortune, they may conceal the truth, to deceive the public hh. can be seen, the scientific activities should also be bound by the norms of democracy and legal system . In this regard, science is also dependent on the democratic self-correcting, that the conscience of scientists alone is not enough, the conscience because scientists can not be absolutely free from corrosion. If you do not live in democracy and rule of law and science to the status of hegemonic discourse, then science is Religion may be the same as the Western Middle Ages, suppressing other words, scientists may be the same as the clergy to maintain their privileged position as the persecution of those who hold different views. must be fully aware that modern science and technology l double-edged sword to the positive and negative effects of r, the use of ethical and legal tools to restrain their development and use. people who want nothing more than human cloning two purposes, first, there is a strong curiosity researchers, want to use this award or grandstanding, is to invest in other people want to use this pursuit of high returns. Once these aspects of the law from their illusions shattered, Basic can be done to prohibit human cloning. behavior to be constraints and limitations. [3]
Second, democracy, rule of law, ethics and scientific reliability of the comparison
1, why
when we want to compare the reliability of a workpiece diameter of control (binding ) in a range, you can use the plug, to be bound plug size, can make use of a micrometer, to proofread micrometer can block the regulation. This is because the block gauge the reliability of the above micrometer, from the workpiece to the block gauge the reliability of sex is a turn improve. If a party to the constraints of poor reliability and high reliability side, the result is chaos, of course, no random moments. If you can use ; to bind the words of science, the prerequisite is democracy, rule of law, ethics, reliability must be higher than science. But the reality is the contrary, if you want among the four reliability from low to high by sort of case, the order should be democratic, ethical, legal, scientific. That is the highest reliability of science, and democracy, the reliability of the minimum. So if you want to ; rule of law br> 2, The Science and The Science and reliable
reliable? on Professor's mistake is that the may replace the tax revenue. But the self-correcting science is precisely not the scientists relied on the just before the expansion, corrosion will not be smaller, absolutely reliable. every scientist have come up with results for individual interests, this must start from a wrong previous pick, pick out a small mistake can make small achievements pick out the major achievements big mistake, even a Nobel Prize, the Italian name dual income. So from the sciences to become increasingly difficult to find fault, so the science is very reliable. to Sima Nan's reward, for example, 100 million is not fraction, together with the foreigners out of 100 million U.S. dollars, enough to make anyone (of course including scientists) salivate. if you have a specific function is the real thing, of course, very easy to find scientists to help him with the scientific method, if I, 30 % of the share on the stem. and if authentication is successful, certainly did not know that the new theory, scientists in the scientific community can be fishing a lot, fame and fortune. is because I believe that enough scientists, selfish, stupid and not more than anyone else, So I can believe that If GM crops can be found harmful to the scientific evidence, they would be openly in the United States announced a ban on imports of agricultural products, but unfortunately, not yet. Notice of the world's governments, trading companies, scientists, more than one, their interests are contradictory, which ensures Who can not hoodwink, deceive the public.
3, the legal system reliability than the reliability of defect
legal science. rule of law and science have a common principle that Who proof. But there is a rule of law in this area was weaker than the natural science position that science can doubt the evidence is insufficient, no less than being judged. but the court is not allowed prolonged, had no alternative but to seek second, to a ethics and democracy are not reliable, the irrational interference. rule of law and science is reflected in the difference between the reliability of a simple fact: In judicial practice, the scientific conclusions can constitute evidence in court, the court can not be used non-determination of science. In addition, scientific conclusions are not due to national, religious beliefs, cultural background and change; laws there are very different, for example, abortion is legal in some countries, in others is a crime.
4, as a kinds of democratic decision-making mechanism of the democratic
lower than the reliability of the legal system. This is not easy to see through a simple, requires careful analysis. Sometimes in order to clarify the concept, you first need to strip the mask of ideology, away from the shadow of a halo, Just as this concept is a mechanism, algorithm, program, can effectively control its substantive content. such as the planned economy and a market economy, if we always let these concepts wearing a , so the need for detailed some of the descriptions. : animal order to compete for resources (territory, spouse), frequent fighting, and in a struggle and often ritualized phenomenon, the fight was not immediately enter the two sides fighting each other but the first demonstration, to fully display their body size and fighting weapons the so-called the ceremony of the , the vote or show of hands, the cost is much lower than in gang war, gang war, but its practical effect and the same is not subdue a rational decision-making process. democratic legal system can be lower than the reliability of a simple thought experiment to experience: we live in a court can sentence criminals to death according to the law society without feeling terror, but if we live in a show of hands or by secret ballot to decide the head of the social Shashui certainly cause great anxiety. unreliability of democracy also leave a mark on history, much of a Hitler came to power by democratic elections, the court held that the United States close to 5, better than the non-rational reason why the Democratic
relative unreliability of the legal system from the rule of law is rational and democratic decision-making irrational decisions. in the extreme flood of irrational thought today, why the argument about rational than irrational may not be superfluous. rational basis for decision-making always a reason 6, Ethics, Ethics and why not a reliable
Comparison of reliability between democracy to be more complicated. It stands to reason, ethics should be reason enough to knowledge, democracy should be more than reliable irrational number. Unfortunately, , reality is not very optimistic. In the long run, as the science of ethics as if we can get rid of the interference of religion, might also develop into a reliable and scientific knowledge, but not the actual state of ethics than non-rational democracy, much better, and even many shortcomings of democracy is caused by a defect of ethics.
Throughout history, the reliability of science is not very high from the beginning, certainly put to use Aristotle's Physics no satellite. is the theology of Copernicus broke the hard-shell physics, Galileo laid the foundation of modern physics, Newton built the mechanical system, Laplace said of Napoleon's famous saying: I do not need (God) that hypothesis, big misunderstanding. science is reliable, the scientific community is that the existence of a stable, cross-cultural, recognized the value system; and off the formation of metaphysics is a prerequisite to the value system. It is precisely because such value system, making the total in the scientific community accepted standards can be found to decide to accept or reject a particular theory. If there is no accepted standard, even in science to pick wrong, they do not recognize is not amended, the outcome can only be disagree, no agreement.
ethical reason not reliable, that is not out of the fetters of theology. the so-called Analysis of ; put on airs Monkey see? monkeys can learn to respect people? In fact, management of the world, so human beings have in front of the special status of other organisms, can be put on airs.'s reproductive process is God's arrangement, the arrangement of any intervention (contraception, artificial insemination, abortion, IVF, human cloning) are blasphemous behavior. human to, do not believe their religions are a pawn of the religious anti-science. Originally ethics should be to tell people what to do and should do the learning, but the reality is that ethics do not know what to do or should not do. ethicists became the mantra, but history and reality, and ethics is a genuine two-edged sword. Qian old man well versed in history, which has a wonderful summary: evil, big cruel cruel mm greater evil than to most of the mm moral ideal person really dry. hh God to punish man, sometimes to a famine, and sometimes to a plague or war, and sometimes produce a moralist, hold There was a noble ideal of most people fail to realize, along with and in direct proportion to his ideal self-confidence and provocative, the integration into the unconscious pride. Judge (pride), thus completely lost the error correction mechanism, poses the greatest risk of moral hazard.
7, should be used to constrain the ethics of science
from the above analysis we can understand why the religious, ideological, ethical , democracy, rule of law to constrain the history of science has never been any good results, good results would not be in the future. In order to avoid moral hazard, to prevent social fall into the catastrophe among the top priority is you often ethicists develop their own advocate School is expected to become a genuine learning, not just an echo of religious forces. This can be as scientific as the ethics of representing the best interests of most people, but also make democracy and the rule of law more healthy development.
three , in the scientific activity has never stopped. In the early era of strong religious forces them to take the approach is persecution, Copernicus, Galileo, Bruno's encounter is the example. the decline of the late religious forces, persecution was not possible, their strategy to offensive to the rumors, manufacturing, creation of Darwin's theory of evolution regret death rumors again Christian is an example [6]. to the late twentieth century, religion, anti-scientific forces gained some allies, formed a very broad united front, including the philosopher of science, social science scholars of science fiction art, postmodernist, feminist, extreme environmentalists, conservationists, and so on, forming an influential anti-scientific thought. The phenomenon of cloning marks the growth of this trend has been to can use the the rise of a breakthrough in the philosophy of science. Kuhn, Feyerabend, and many philosophers of science proposed, what does not exist as things like the scientific method, scientific knowledge is relative to the social and cultural customs, beyond the rational paradigm shift caused by the , so that there is an objective method of testing scientific insights of an earlier conviction is wrong. For further criticism from the scientific followers of Heidegger, especially the French postmodernists such as Derrida, Foucault, Lacan and Lai Angta et al. They suggested that science is only one of many systems in the system or fictional narrative. They insist that, by deconstructing the language of science, what we find there is no real objective criteria. Heidegger complained that science and technology is dehumanizing people. Foucault pointed out that science is often subject to authority, bureaucracy and the state dominated the political and economic uses of science undermines the right of scientific neutrality. [7]
accusations that science itself can not exist What defects, only that the philosophical tradition of Western metaphysics is impossible to get rid of metaphysical science to make the right interpretation. Science is the creation of human culture and scientific task is not to discover the truth hidden behind things or nature, but the invention of more Shenke, more unified, more predictive power of the theory. Science is not value neutral, scientific reliability is better than other cultures in the phenomena (religion, literature, philosophy) on the grounds that, in science there is a stable, recognized cross-cultural (though not no way to tell good or bad. non-scientific and cultural phenomena can only rely on the success or failure to distinguish between supporters Zhonggua, so non-scientific intellectuals to publicize special attention to speculation, of the public. in them, and by ; create never rely on the fact that food, do not rely on hegemony to eat, if scientists is a pseudo-scientist Lysenko. for science these unfounded accusations, just proves that the extreme ignorance of philosophers of science.
because of anti-science forces can not rely on the fact that eating a meal can only rely on hegemony, so they are particularly skilled advocacy of the Road. philosophical works of literary and artistic works far less influential public, anti-science forces in nature will not give up this important position. One of the most influential was undoubtedly the so-called Future World, imperceptibly into shaping the public's anti-science attitude, coupled with waves of mass media, science in the public mind became a deceptive is impossible what happened to cause pinching might happen. fiction, and its authenticity is not more than myths, such as (Tang Xuan Zang, the true emperor, after all, existed in the history of the characters), but science fiction is the dip of the . If someone comes under the , food of the Chinese foreign non-life ethicists
from Confucius, . theory of evolution in the West since the attack by creationism, and traditional culture in China is not any conflict. abortion in many countries the West has prohibited by law in China is not causing any come out directly from the anti-science religious forces difficult odds, philosophers, ethicists, religious forces to become the best spokesperson. China, some philosophers, ethicists know little about China's traditional culture, devouring only know Western science, the In another paper, a detailed analysis, not repeat them here. can give you a small example, look at the absurd logic of bioethicists. renowned bioethicists point was made: , reproductive cell manipulation, genetic modification needs to proceed cautiously on the one hand the improvement to be technical, the other to be the views of the running community. ; [8] This view seems fair to defend the interests of humanity, in fact it will greatly harm the interests of humanity. The first is ; Hume's problem can not prove technology, no matter how We can only return to the original community. fallacy can be seen from these bioethicists for our science, history of science, philosophy of science lack of basic common sense. For this approach can be used to express the farmer's proverb: a long time, but like human cloning that was referred to the United Nations or rare. Why is human cloning so affect people's nerves? It is precisely because human cloning is not yet implemented the technology. religious forces of anti-Japanese heart, said anti-evolution, anti-contraception, anti-abortion eventually ended in failure. The reason is simply anti-too late, things have been out, and then also the belated counter. Once the results of science, is evidence of its superiority, any slander to no avail. in the religious anti-science forces in the eyes, science is like a Pandora's Box opened, are not the teachings of scientific achievements one after another came out, and then back again effortlessly can never expect to go to meet people's needs because things are difficult for disabled . to abortion, for example, although a number of countries to legislate against abortion, but people still do it to other countries, or even by boat to the high seas to do it. In the U.S. there are religious extremists shot abortion doctor, Dr. Xiang Duotai mail anthrax letters terrorist incidents, still can not stop abortion. Kam almost here, the wishful thinking of anti-scientific forces, human cloning is coming out from the Box before the lid closed, because if human cloning does occur, all the rumors about human cloning will be harmful proved unfounded. And if human cloning be banned before the advent of human cloning will never exist in the imagination, can create any image of the terrible, and then we rely on science phobia to block human cloning. So when someone threatened to human cloning, hand, human cloning should be the best way to make him appear faster to obtain the evidence of harm, can justify its ban.
4, by the evidence speak. scientists make the results, just papers, sent to the appropriate professional journals, a fair evaluation of its own, no hype, no PR, heaven can wait for the Nobel Prize. Introduction harm than good. non-scientific and anti-science things are not recognized as a non-standard, can only rely on safety in numbers, this time after the media is following the most important literary works publicity tool. the effect of media manipulating the public for all to see, a number of cents The reason why health care benefits without astronomical cost willing to spend on television advertising is proof. Western believers public, the media and anti-science is not surprising, several thousand years in China, cultural traditions, the mass media to follow the religious anti-science forces in the West, whom create the phenomenon of hegemony worthy of careful consideration of the. traced the problem Arts Division in our education system and examination system. the liberal arts college entrance examination eliminates the physical , Chemistry, Biology, liberal arts students in high school completely abandoned the concerns of science, the formation of a critical period in the view of the world should be cut off from the scientific influence, making the mass media workers in general scientific literacy is low. with the sound of the article the reporter Bi scientific thought avalanche, the media refused to publish frequently reflect the views of the scientific spirit, a . who dare to speak out against phenomenon, biologists why close contact with Western scholars, who for religious anti-science forces in the West have personal experience the powerful, and for experts, there is no research on ethics, as a general habit of the scientists, for they are not familiar with the area can be directly adopted the views of experts in the field, but these people do not understand is that ethics is not a science, not reach scientific reliability of the same, for the fascist Century 60 of China's time with their parents are forced to The situation is similar to when the The media called a said to be the future of human cloning
science can overcome resistance to the individual and the small number of people thought the scale of the development to the present, reason is that facts speak for themselves, but also better than hegemony. The United Nations convention banning human cloning failed to reach national consensus, and finally abortion. estimated differences between the Convention and will be difficult to overcome, even the extremist view that therapeutic cloning should be banned, moderates believe that reproductive cloning should be banned just can not ban therapeutic cloning, these two views is not possible compromise. because from the standpoint of human cloning ban, if not prohibit therapeutic cloning, human embryo cloning technology that will soon mature, this time as long as the cloned embryos into the uterus (IVF already mature technology), Reproductive cloning is the ripened fruit ripe to do, and this process is easy and difficult to monitor the security. On the contrary against the loss of human therapeutic cloning will have a bright future of medical progress, which is unbearable medical profession. even if the extremists and moderates finally compromise, the Convention to be adopted, national legislation is still difficult. from appearing on newspaper articles to see, ...